R Markdown Hints

Think of an R Markdown File, or Rmd for short, as a command center. You write commands, then Knit the file, and an html output file is created according to your commands.

Overview

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Creating Links

To make a link use the code [Name of Link](addressForLink).

Linking to parts of your textbook:

• [Numerical Summaries](NumericalSummaries.html) becomes Numerical Summaries
• [Boxplots](GraphicalSummaries.html#boxplots) becomes Boxplots
• [R Commands](RCommands.html) becomes R Commands

Linking to outside resources:

• [R Colors](http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~tzheng/files/Rcolor.pdf) becomes R Colors

Creating Headers

There are six available sizes of headings you can use in an Rmd file (left in image) that show up as shown below (right in image).

Emphasizing Words

To italisize a word use the asterisk (Shift 8) *italisize*. To bold a word use the double asterisk **bold**. The back tic can be used tohighlightwords by placing back tics on each side of a word: highlight `.

Bullet Points

Simple Lists

To achieve the result:

• This is the first item.

• This is the second.

• This is the third.

Use the code:

To achieve the result:
  
* This is the first item.

* This is the second.

* This is the third.

Numbered Lists

To achieve the result:

1. This is the first item.

2. This is the second.

3. This is the third.

Use the code:

To achieve the result:
  
1. This is the first item.

2. This is the second.

3. This is the third.

Lettered Lists

To achieve the result:

1. This is the first item.

2. This is the second.

3. This is the third.

Use the code:

To achieve the result:
  
A) This is the first item.

B) This is the second.

C) This is the third.

Nested Lists

1. What is \(2+2\)?

   1. 4

   2. 8

2. What is \(3\times5\)?

   1. 14

   2. 15

1. What is $2+2$?

    a. **4**
    
    b. 8
  
2. What is $3\times5$?

    a. 14
    
    b. **15**

Math Equations

Use the dollar signs $x=5$ to write \(x=5\) or $z=\frac{x-\mu}{\sigma}$ to write \(z=\frac{x-\mu}{\sigma}\). For a nicely centered equation use the double dollar signs $$ $$ on separate lines

$$
  z = \frac{\bar{x}-\mu}{\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}}
$$

to get \[ z = \frac{\bar{x}-\mu}{\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}} \]

Or

$$
  H_0: \mu_\text{Group 1} = \mu_\text{Group 2}
$$
$$ 
  H_a: \mu_\text{Group 1} \neq \mu_\text{Group 2}
$$

to get \[ H_0: \mu_{\text{Group 1}} = \mu_{\text{Group 2}} \] \[ H_a: \mu_{\text{Group 1}} \neq \mu_{\text{Group 2}} \]

Symbol list:

Symbol	LaTeX Math Code
\(\alpha\)	$\alpha$
\(\beta\)	$\beta$
\(\sigma\)	$\sigma$
\(\epsilon\)	$\epsilon$
\(\bar{x}\)	$\bar{x}$
\(\hat{Y}\)	$\hat{Y}$
\(=\)	$=$
\(\ne\)	$\ne$ or $\neq$
\(>\)	$>$
\(<\)	$<$
\(\ge\)	$\ge$
\(\le\)	$\le$
\(\{ \}\)	$\{ \}$
\(\text{Type just text}\)	$\text{Type just text}$
\(\overbrace{Y_i}^\text{label}\)	$\overbrace{Y_i}^\text{label}$
\(\underbrace{Y_i}_\text{label}\)	$\underbrace{Y_i}_\text{label}$

Here is a list of all supported LaTeX commands.

Insert a Picture

To add a picture to your document, say some notes you took down on paper from class,

Use the code: ![](./Images/insertPictureNotes.jpg) to get…

Tables

There are many ways to make tables in R Markdown. Here is a simple way to make a “pipe” table.

| Name          | Age           | Gender       | 
|---------------|---------------|--------------|
| Jill          | 8             |  Female      |
| Jack          | 9             |  Male        |

Name	Age	Gender
Jill	8	Female
Jack	9	Male

Themes

Notice in the YAML (at the top of the RMD file) there is a line that reads:

“theme: cerulean”

Other possible themes are

• “default”, “cerulean”, “journal”, “flatly”, “readable”, “spacelab”, “united”, and “cosmo”.

You can also change the highlighting by adding the line “highlight: tango” to the YAML as follows.

---
title: "Markdown Hints"
output: 
  html_document:
    theme: cerulean
    highlight: tango
---

Other highlighting options are

• “default”, “tango”, “pygments”, “kate”, “monochrome”, “espresso”, “zenburn”, “haddock”, and “textmate”.

More Information

Go to the rmarkdown.rstudio.com website for more information on how to use R Markdown.